UPSC Optional papers 2025 questions

224 questions from the UPSC Optional papers 2025, each on its own page with its options. The two most recent years are free to read in full.

Q1Arthashastra of Kautilya means the science of economics of livelihood of the people. Comment. (Answer in 150 words)
Q1Discuss the psychological approach to the study of comparative politics. (Answer in 150 words)
Q1Explain the Philosophical approach to the study of Political theory. (Answer in 150 words)
Q1Imperfect market and political factors limit the application of Public Choice approach. Explain. (Answer in 150 words)
Q1Mendelian and non-Mendelian traits. (Answer in 150 words)
Q1‘Soanian cultural’ tradition (Answer in 150 words)
Q1"Textual perspective is important in understanding of Indian Social System." Discuss. (Answer in 150 words)
Q1What is common sense? How are common knowledge and sociology related to each other? Explain. (Answer in 150 words)
Q2Caste domination, factionalism and political power (Answer in 150 words)
Q2Justify that the Indian traditions are modernizing. Also discuss its contributing factors. (Answer in 150 words)
Q2Neo-liberalism lightened neo-realism’s dark view of international politics. Comment. (Answer in 150 words)
Q2The fine art of decision-making is not making decisions that others can make. Comment. (Answer in 150 words)
Q2Theoretical significance of Purum kinship-system. (Answer in 150 words)
Q2Trace the reasons for limited effectiveness of the NITI Aayog. (Answer in 150 words)
Q2What is the relationship (similarities and differences) between sociology and history in terms of their area of study and methodology? Discuss. (Answer in 150…
Q2Write a note on the relation between equality and liberty from the multi-cultural perspective. (Answer in 150 words)
Q3According to you, which social reform movement has played the most effective role in uplifting the status of women ? Explain. (Answer in 150 words)
Q3Explain the Macpherson's view on power. (Answer in 150 words)
Q3Explain the non-traditional security threats in the context of food and environmental crises. (Answer in 150 words)
Q3Has the media nixed its role in holding the governments accountable and ensuring transparency? Argue. (Answer in 150 words)
Q3Highlight the constitutional provisions and judicial interventions to promote gender equality in India. (Answer in 150 words)
Q3Osteodontokeratik culture and its makers. (Answer in 150 words)
Q3Regionalism and Autonomy (Answer in 150 words)
Q3What is a variable in social research? What are their different types? Elaborate. (Answer in 150 words)
Q4Can Merton's reference group theory be relevant in understanding 'identity making' in digital world? Explain. (Answer in 150 words)
Q4Discuss the political socialization of open and closed societies. (Answer in 150 words)
Q4How did Colonial Policies for the tribes affected their socio-economic conditions in India ? Discuss. (Answer in 150 words)
Q4In contemporary times, the District Collector should prioritize teamwork over hierarchical structures. Comment. (Answer in 150 words)
Q4Is Herbert Simon justified in criticizing some principles of administration as proverbs? Analyse. (Answer in 150 words)
Q4Mention the difference between Italian and German brands of facism. (Answer in 150 words)
Q4Smell as a signal among non-human primates. (Answer in 150 words)
Q4Verrier Elwin’s philosophy with respect to Arunachal Pradesh (Answer in 150 words)
Q5Administrative Law has evolved from the need to create a system of Public Administration under law. Elucidate. (Answer in 150 words)
Q5Characteristics and communication between Little and Great Traditions (Answer in 150 words)
Q5Comment on the Red Lipstick Movement in the context of feminist rights. (Answer in 150 words)
Q5Culture and embodiment. (Answer in 150 words)
Q5Examine the significance of field organizations in enhancing policy implementation of projects like MGNREGA and Swachh Bharat Mission. (Answer in 150 words)
Q5Explain briefly the elite theory of democracy. (Answer in 150 words)
Q5How would you appropriate to characterise G. S. Ghurye as a practitioner of 'theoretical pluralism' ? (Answer in 150 words)
Q5Is the social stratification theory gender-blind? Elucidate. (Answer in 150 words)
Q6Discuss the Miocene hominoid remains and their significance in evolution. (Answer in 350 words)
Q6Discuss the palaeoanthropological significance of Siwaliks of India giving its subdivisions, fossil primate fauna and major primate fossil localities. (Answer…
Q6Do you think that in a society like India orthogenetic changes take place through differentiation ? Do you observe continuities in the orthogenetic process ?…
Q6New Public Management has actually been a transitory state in evolution from traditional Public Administration to what is here called New Public Governance.…
Q6"The colonial legacy is responsible for many administrative problems in independent India as the role of company agents and traders evolved into Magistrates…
Q6The world currently has been in the throes of a twin process of ‘democratic backsliding’ and ‘democratic backlash’. How would you explain this paradox?…
Q6What is positivism? Critically analyze the major arguments against it. (Answer in 350 words)
Q6What is the Marxist and liberal approach towards the state ? On what grounds the theoretical differences between them are premised ? Explain. (Answer in 350…
Q7"Agrarian class structure has been undergoing changes due to modern forces." Critically examine. (Answer in 350 words)
Q7Compare and contrast the symbolic approaches of Clifford Geertz and Victor Turner to understand culture. (Answer in 250 words)
Q7Delineate the major features of S. S. Sarkar’s classification of Indian populations. Was his classification better than Risley? Explain. (Answer in 250 words)
Q7Despite the division of subjects, the Union Government contributes towards subjects in the State and Concurrent Lists. Discuss its pros and cons in the light…
Q7Highlight the main features of historical materialism as propounded by Marx. How far is this theory relevant in understanding contemporary societies? Explain.…
Q7Karl Popper presents a defence of the open society against its enemies. Elaborate. (Answer in 250 words)
Q7Mary Parker Follett pioneered the evolution of socio-psychological approach to the study of organizations. Explain. (Answer in 250 words)
Q7The withdrawal of the United States of America from the World Health Organization is set to have far-reaching impacts on global health. Reimagining the…
Q8Divergent political interests and financial constraints hinder the spirit of 'cooperative federalism'. Comment. (Answer in 150 words)
Q8Evaluate the impact of Christianity on Scheduled Tribe societies of North-East India. (Answer in 250 words)
Q8Explain how Rawls used the liberal and egalitarian perspective to develop his concept of distributive justice. (Answer in 250 words)
Q8How political economy is integrated with ecological and adaptability perspectives in bio-cultural anthropology ? (Answer in 250 words)
Q8How same sex marriages are responsible for population dynamics in India ? Discuss. (Answer in 150 words)
Q8Transnational actors have qualitatively transformed the world by the way of their fresh insights and actions. Illustrate your answer with suitable examples.…
Q8Under the New Public Management framework 'Public Private Partnership' challenges the entropy of closed and open models of organization. Analyse. (Answer in…
Q8What do you mean by reliability? Discuss the importance of reliability in social science research. (Answer in 150 words)
Q9Compare capability deprivation approach with that of social capital deprivation in understanding chronic poverty. (Answer in 350 words)
Q9Describe the distinctive features and distribution of Upper Palaeolithic of India. (Answer in 350 words)
Q9How anthropologists assess the nutritional status of a community ? Discuss the significance of intersectionality of ecology, culture, and social inequality in…
Q9In conflict situations in organizations, leadership migrates to the aggressive and relegates the emotionally matured to the background. Discuss. (Answer in…
Q9Of late, centrist and centre-left political parties have been facing setbacks while centre-right parties have been in ascendency the world over. Comment.…
Q9Provide a comparative analysis of behavioural and institutional approach to the study of political theory. (Answer in 350 words)
Q9What do you mean by nation building ? What is the role of religion in nation building ? Elaborate your answer. (Answer in 350 words)
Q9While the Constitution offers a strong framework for decentralized and accountable governance, the real test lies in how institutions, civil society and…
Q10Are pressure groups a threat to or a necessary element of democracy? Explain with suitable illustrations. (Answer in 350 words)
Q10Collective security and responsibility to protect (R2P) are similar but different in scope, goals and methods. Explain. (Answer in 250 words)
Q10Critically examine the drawbacks in assuming culture as an ‘integrated-closed’ system in understanding of contemporary society. (Answer in 250 words)
Q10Do you think that new economic reforms of British rule have disrupted the old economic system of India ? Substantiate your answer with suitable examples.…
Q10Examine the environmental and biocultural factors influencing the health of tribals of India. (Answer in 250 words)
Q10Liberalization of Indian economy has forced public enterprises to enhance their efficiency, but the effects of these reforms have been a topic of debate.…
Q10“State.......... does the greatest harm to mankind by destroying individuality, which lies at the root of all progress.” — Mahatma Gandhi. Elucidate. (Answer…
Q10The foundations of Public Administration, New Public Management and Public Governance rest on ‘rule of law'. Discuss. (Answer in 250 words)
Q11Centre-State administrative relations are a matter of debate as constitutional provisions created a strong Centre. Discuss. (Answer in 150 words)
Q11Describe the main features of Indian new middle class. How is it different from the old middle class ? (Answer in 150 words)
Q11Differentiate between pedigree and genealogical analyses. Discuss the history and application of these methods in anthropological studies. (Answer in 250 words)
Q11Explain how the slogan ‘the personal is political’ addresses the issue of women’s oppression and discrimination ? (Answer in 250 words)
Q11Global South-sensitive model of globalization would prevent the danger emanating from overcentralized globalization. Discuss. (Answer in 250 words)
Q11Highlight the significant contributions of B. S. Guha, Irawati Karve and S. R. K. Chopra to Indian Anthropology. (Answer in 250 words)
Q11The principles of checks and balances count among the most fundamental constitutional values. Comment. (Answer in 250 words)
Q11What is hypothesis? Critically evaluate the significance of hypothesis in social research. (Answer in 150 words)
Q12Anthropology provides a multidimensional understanding of human beings by bridging the gap between science and humanities. Elucidate. (Answer in 350 words)
Q12"Delegated legislation should be clear and should confine to the limits determined by the legislature." In light of the statement explain how misuse of…
Q12Experience of various States suggests that reorganization of districts was prompted more by politico-populist convenience rather than ease of administration.…
Q12Give an account of the recent trends of marriage in the Indian context. How are these different from traditional practices? (Answer in 350 words)
Q12Latin America has made moderate success in countering US-led global economic order by forming various organizations emphasizing regional sovereignty, economic…
Q12The foundational base of western democracy has been shaped by Locke’s ideas of constitutionalism, freedom and property. Elucidate. (Answer in 350 words)
Q12What are the different types of caste mobility in India? Highlight the various factors responsible for it. (Answer in 350 words)
Q12Who is said to be the pioneer of village studies in India ? Illustratively describe contributions of some Indian sociologists on village studies. How their…
Q13Elucidate the role of demographic and social factors for population growth in India. (Answer in 250 words)
Q13Hannah Arendt analysed a few categories of vita activa. Explain. (Answer in 250 words)
Q13How successful has the ‘ASEAN Plus Three’ been in addressing regional problems? Support your answer with specific examples. (Answer in 250 words)
Q13"Industrial class structure is a function of social structure of Indian society." Do you agree with this statement ? Analyze. (Answer in 350 words)
Q13Lack of clear demarcation of roles between the State Secretariat and the Directorate has serious implications for policy making and policy implementation. Do…
Q13Leadership is not only about taking credit for success but also owning up and being accountable for failures. Elucidate. (Answer in 250 words)
Q13What would you identify as the similarities and differences in the elite theories of Mosca, Michels and Pareto? Discuss their main/crucial issues. (Answer in…
Q13Write a note on Mousterian tool tradition, Mousterian culture and its makers. (Answer in 250 words)
Q14Bureaucracy constitutes the imaginary state and is the spiritualism of the State. Explain. (Answer in 250 words)
Q14Critically analyze the sociological significance of informal sector in the economy of developing societies. (Answer in 150 words)
Q14Critically examine James Frazer’s theory of evolutionism. Elucidate the place of religion in modernity. (Answer in 250 words)
Q14Critically examine the concept of Scheduled Tribe (ST) and mention the limitations of administrator’s criteria. (Answer in 250 words)
Q14Decentralized planning in India signifies a shift towards context-sensitive development, but inadequate resources and local politics complicate the…
Q14Do you think that legitimacy acquired by consent or manufactured by indoctrination is an essential element in maintenance of political rule ? Justify your…
Q14“Trump’s return to the White House is a jolt to push the European Union to invest in its own defence and economic and technological revival.” Comment. (Answer…
Q14What is kinship ? Briefly explain G. P. Murdock's contribution to the study of the kinship system. (Answer in 150 words)
Q15China’s growing footprint and a tangible shift in power dynamics in Bangladesh has weakened India’s leverage in Dhaka. Comment. (Answer in 150 words)
Q15E-advocacy model of e-governance can facilitate democratization of public policy making. Discuss. (Answer in 150 words)
Q15Explain briefly the role of Peasant Movements after 1857 and before independence. (Answer in 150 words)
Q15Impact of urbanization and industrialization on tribal communities of India (Answer in 150 words)
Q15In what way is the scope of sociology unique? Explain. (Answer in 150 words)
Q15Low cyber awareness among officials is causing cyber security issues in the administration. Comment. (Answer in 150 words)
Q15Multispecies, Multi-sited and Critical Ethnography. (Answer in 150 words)
Q15"The transfer of land from cultivating to the non-cultivating owners is bringing about transformation in Indian society." Justify your answer by giving…
Q16Bring out various factors responsible for declining of village Industries in India. (Answer in 150 words)
Q16Does the structural-functionalist perspective on social stratification promote a status quo? Give reasons for your answer. (Answer in 150 words)
Q16Evolutionary significance of menopause. (Answer in 150 words)
Q16Neo-liberal policies have enhanced the scope and opportunities of taxation for the government. Explain. (Answer in 150 words)
Q16Taxonomic status of Ramapithecus in the light of Ramapithecus-Sivapithecus controversy (Answer in 150 words)
Q16The 'guillotine' hastens the budgetary process to meet the timeline. Evaluate the procedure. (Answer in 150 words)
Q16Would you agree with the contention that India’s inclination to lean on a ‘more aggressive hyper-realist posture’ has gained a new momentum in the aftermath…
Q16Write a note on the Dalit perspective of Indian National Movement. (Answer in 150 words)
Q17Discuss the social bases of political mobilization in Independent India. Has some change occurred in these during the last 60-70 years ? (Answer in 150 words)
Q17Do you think that the formal workspaces are free of gender bias? Argue your case. (Answer in 150 words)
Q17Fission track dating method and its applications. (Answer in 150 words)
Q17For India, a multipolar world order would also mean a multipolar Asia. Comment. (Answer in 150 words)
Q17Land reforms programmes led to some constitutional amendments. Comment. (Answer in 150 words)
Q17New localism plays a crucial role in empowering the local actors. Expand. (Answer in 150 words)
Q17Policy analysis process is limited if possible outcomes and alternate potential policies are neglected. Discuss. (Answer in 150 words)
Q17Tribalism and Pseudotribalism (Answer in 150 words)
Q18Delineate the key factors that have shaped the evolving political landscape in Jammu and Kashmir post 2019. (Answer in 150 words)
Q18Does the Non-Aligned Movement have any future in the wake of India’s growing indifference towards it? (Answer in 150 words)
Q18Gram Sabha aims to enlist community participation. Explain. (Answer in 150 words)
Q18How does Weber's Verstehen address the objectivity-subjectivity debate in sociology? (Answer in 150 words)
Q18Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution. (Answer in 150 words)
Q18Values and ethics in civil services are shaped by global practices and trends. Explain. (Answer in 150 words)
Q18Varnashrama and its contemporary relevance (Answer in 150 words)
Q18What are the major problems faced by the labour migrants while working in informal sectors of Indian States ? Discuss. (Answer in 150 words)
Q19Do you think that law has been able to abolish child labour in India ? Comment. (Answer in 150 words)
Q19Economic development alone is not a sufficient component for women development and empowerment. Discuss. (Answer in 150 words)
Q19Foetal origin of adult diseases and contribution of David Barker. (Answer in 150 words)
Q19Historical ties between India and Japan grew into a ‘special strategic and global partnership’. Comment. (Answer in 150 words)
Q19How far has been the National Human Rights Commission successful in achieving its objectives ? Comment. (Answer in 150 words)
Q19Identify the implementation challenges and issues of the Government e-Marketplace (GeМ). (Answer in 150 words)
Q19Lothal dockyard and international trade relations (Answer in 150 words)
Q19To what extent can education and skill development be an agent of social change? Critically analyze. (Answer in 150 words)
Q20Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS) does not effectively address local level issues. Give your opinion. (Answer in 350 words)
Q20Critically analyze the different phases of India’s foreign policy since independence. How justified, do you think, is S. Jaishankar’s classification of the…
Q20F. W. Riggs's ‘industria'-interdependent economy is a precursor for some features of post-modern Public Administration. Analyse. (Answer in 350 words)
Q20In what respects have the constitutional provisions changed the socio-economic and political conditions of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in India ?…
Q20Parliamentary committees are indispensable to the legislative process. It provides for the opportunity for cross-pollination between the two chambers of the…
Q20“The village was not merely a place where people lived; it had a design in which were reflected the basic values of Indian civilization.” Who said this?…
Q20What are genetic markers ? Discuss their applications in understanding population variation, disease association and forensics. (Answer in 350 words)
Q20What is science? Do you think that the methods used in natural sciences can be applied to sociology? Give reasons for your answer. (Answer in 350 words)
Q21Discuss the role of NGOs in the socioeconomic and political development of weaker sections and the manner in which they facilitate other stakeholders. (Answer…
Q21Discuss the trend of urbanization in India. Do you think that Industrialization is the only precondition of urbanization ? Give you arguments. (Answer in 350…
Q21Do you think 'Aadhaar' initiative has promoted inclusive governance and administrative credibility? Throw light. (Answer in 350 words)
Q21Examine the constitutional provisions and nature of advisory jurisdiction of Supreme Court of India. Evaluate your answer with relevant examples. (Answer in…
Q21India maintains strong ties with countries that will assure a free and open Indo-Pacific and guarantee greater connectivity with rest of the world. Analyze.…
Q21“The agenda of biological anthropology became more scientific from the middle of the twentieth century.” Justify. (Answer in 250 words)
Q21The role and responsibility of the State in the development process has been overemphasized and given undue importance. Critically examine. (Answer in 250…
Q21What do you understand by gender-based domestic division of labour? Is it undergoing a change in the wake of increasing participation of women in formal…
Q22Affirmative action for equal opportunity is a corner-stone in recruitment to public services. Discuss it in global context. (Answer in 250 words)
Q22Describe briefly the theoretical perspectives in linguistic anthropology to explain the relationship of culture, language and thought. (Answer in 250 words)
Q22How can you assess the significance of social movements in the digital era? Explain. (Answer in 150 words)
Q22Smart Policing and Community Policing programmes have been initiated to address socio-technological challenges in law and order. Discuss. (Answer in 150 words)
Q22The recent developments in Indian Politics has not eroded the true spirit of federalism in India. Critically examine this statement with the help of…
Q22The tariff threats have pushed India and the European Union closer. Evaluate the India-EU partnership. (Answer in 250 words)
Q22Trace the history and describe the methods of formulating the lists of OBCs, both at the State and National levels. (Answer in 250 words)
Q22Which measures would you suggest for preventing caste conflicts in India ? Justify your argument. (Answer in 150 words)
Q23Enunciate the impediments to women’s participation in local governance in the process of political decentralisation. (Answer in 350 words)
Q23How the study of variation in forms of marriage led to rethinking on the concepts of social reproduction, kinship and family ? (Answer in 350 words)
Q23Identify the contemporary limitations in the process of tribal development. How can anthropological knowledge contribute in this process? (Answer in 350 words)
Q23India continues to invoke its time-tested policy of strategic autonomy vis-à-vis both the United States of America and Russia by rejecting US’ offer of…
Q23Many elected women representatives in local governments in India, especially from marginalized backgrounds, often struggle to govern effectively. Examine.…
Q23The objective of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization and of New Public Management was to limit government functions and reduce public expenditure.…
Q23What are the Private and Public network and support systems operative in Indian society for the aged ? Suggest measures to curb down the challenges before…
Q23What is sampling in the context of social research? Discuss different forms of sampling with their relative advantages and disadvantages. (Answer in 350 words)
Q24Budget is the pivot around which the whole financial administration revolves. Discuss the socio-economic and political implications of budget. (Answer in 350…
Q24Caste remains a vital axis for political mobilisation in India. How would the caste census address the aspirations of people ? Discuss. (Answer in 250 words)
Q24Discuss the rising ethnic conflicts in India and propose their possible remedial measures. (Answer in 250 words)
Q24"Educational development is the only Panacea for country's all ills and evils." Critically examine the above statement with reference to NEP-2020. (Answer in…
Q24How do theories of Marx, Weber and Durkheim differ in understanding religion? Explain. (Answer in 350 words)
Q24The basis of comparative study of Public Administration has evolved from institutional approach to the contemporary political economic process approach. Have…
Q24Trump’s unilateral imposition of reciprocal tariffs on scores of countries poses impending threat to the future of the rule-based multilateral global trading…
Q24What are the major theories proposed in support of the origin of food production ? How the change in subsistence economy brought revolution during this period…
Q25Assess the role of Government Process Reengineering (GPR) in promoting good governance. (Answer in 150 words)
Q25Can competency mapping linked to career development incentivise civil servants commitment to effective service delivery? Elaborate. (Answer in 250 words)
Q25Critically discuss the centrality of the African continent in the narrative of human evolution. (Answer in 250 words)
Q25Critically evaluate the concept of Nation-State and describe its impact on indigenous societies. (Answer in 250 words)
Q25How Dalit movements in India have facilitated their Identity formation ? Analyze. (Answer in 150 words)
Q25NonAlignment 2.0 underscores India’s unique aspiration to emerge as a site for an alternative universality. Comment. (Answer in 250 words)
Q25There is a debate on the procedure for appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commissioners to the Election Commission of India. Analyse…
Q25What is the nature of relationship between science and religion in modern society? Analyze with suitable examples. (Answer in 150 words)
Q26Describe the nature of traditional socioeconomic interdependence among the Toda, Kota, Kurumba and Irula tribes of Nilgiri Hills. Highlight the changes…
Q26How the theories of postmodernism are relevant in promoting social justice and empowerment of marginalised communities ? (Answer in 350 words)
Q26India’s reluctance to perceive any ‘existential threat’ inevitably made the multilateral path to nuclear security a ‘default option’ until it decided to cross…
Q26Is it possible to have sustainable development in India ? Cite major environmental issues and suggest a few measures to achieve the sustainability. (Answer in…
Q26Metropolitan cities are providing major portions of national wealth, but their governance is fraught with intricate institutional relationships. Explain.…
Q26The decision to conduct Population Census-2027 has reopened the debate on delimitation in India. Discuss its various aspects. (Answer in 350 words)
Q26The effectiveness of civil society in development process is only when state institutions are receptive to inputs from the civil society organizations.…
Q26What do you understand by sustainable development? Discuss the elements of sustainable development as proposed in the UNDP's Sustainable Development Goals…
Q27Define minority. Elaborate the patterns of linguistic and religious minorities in India. (Answer in 250 words)
Q27Discuss some of the key drivers of India’s new interests in Africa which might help in developing long-term comparative advantage over China. (Answer in 250…
Q27Do you think that forced displacement of labourers has caused their deprivation and resultant inequalities during the recent past years ? Elaborate. (Answer…
Q27Evaluate the role and scope of tacit knowledge and personal experience as an important source of knowledge in policy making process. (Answer in 250 words)
Q27‘Genome-wide Disease Association Studies (GWAS) advanced our understanding of health and disease.’ Discuss. (Answer in 250 words)
Q27How do 'Civil Society Organizations' such as 'NGOs' and 'Self-Help Groups' contribute to grassroot level social changes? Discuss. (Answer in 350 words)
Q27Training and capacity building represent different scope and objectives. Explain the key differences. (Answer in 350 words)
Q27With reference to Nehruvian perspective of planning and economic development, examine how the early phase of economic planning in India has laid the…
Q28Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as an innovative tool in disaster management. Illustrate with examples. (Answer in 150 words)
Q28Discuss the potential role India can play in initiating a possible phase of trilateral economic engagement among India, China and Nepal. (Answer in 250 words)
Q28Examine the utility of human remains in forensic analysis. Discuss the facial reconstruction technique. (Answer in 250 words)
Q28Illustrate with examples how political parties in India have played a crucial role in drawing the historically disadvantaged groups into the mainstream…
Q28In what way does queer kinship challenge the traditional kinship system? Substantiate by giving illustrations. (Answer in 150 words)
Q28The efficacy of management aid tools depends on the purpose and appropriateness of tools and techniques. Explain with examples. (Answer in 250 words)
Q28What are the identifying criteria for PVTGs in India? Examine their current status, nomenclature and distribution. (Answer in 250 words)
Q28What are the Indian government's schemes launched for poverty alleviation after the United Nation's Declaration of 'Sustainable Development Goals - 2015' ?…