Differentiate between pedigree and genealogical analyses. Discuss the history and application of these methods in anthropological studies. (Answer in 250 words)

- Differentiate between pedigree and genealogical analyses. Discuss the history and application of these methods in anthropological studies. (Answer in 250 words)
Introduction
Both methods chart relatives on a chart of generations, but they answer different questions: the pedigree traces the transmission of biological material, the genealogy the transmission of social position.

Body
1. The distinction: pedigree analysis records biological relatedness and the presence or absence of a trait, using standard notation — squares and circles, generations in Roman numerals, an arrow for the proband — to infer mode of inheritance, recurrence risk and inbreeding. The genealogical method records the kin the informant himself recognises, with terms of reference and address, marriages, residence and descent group membership; it registers social parenthood, so adoption and levirate belong in it and would corrupt a pedigree.
2. Their histories: W. H. R. Rivers devised the genealogical method on the Torres Strait Expedition of 1898, applied it in The Todas (1906) and set it out formally in 1910; it became the foundation of kinship study. Pedigree analysis descends from Galton's biometry and from Garrod's demonstration of alkaptonuria as a recessive in 1902, entering anthropology with human population genetics after the 1950s.
3. Pedigree analysis at work: establishing autosomal recessive transmission of sickle cell disease and thalassaemia in Indian tribal populations, computing the inbreeding coefficient in the uncle-niece and cross-cousin marriages common in south India, and underpinning genetic counselling and segregation analysis.
4. The genealogical method at work: reconstructing lineage depth among the Nuer, testing prescriptive alliance among the Purum, and tracing land inheritance and succession disputes in village studies.

Conclusion
Confusing the two produces false conclusions in both directions. The methods converge only in modern studies that pair recorded genealogies with genomic data on the same families.