Neo-liberalism lightened neo-realism’s dark view of international politics. Comment. (Answer in 150 words)

- Neo-liberalism lightened neo-realism’s dark view of international politics. Comment. (Answer in 150 words)
Introduction
Neo-liberal institutionalism accepted neo-realism's premises and denied only its pessimism: anarchy remains, but its consequences are variable. The disagreement is one of degree, not of ontology.

Body
1. The dark view: Waltz's Theory of International Politics (1979) derives self-help and the security dilemma from anarchy alone, and Grieco added that relative-gains anxiety blocks agreements even where both sides profit.
2. The lightening: Keohane and Nye's Power and Interdependence (1977) and Keohane's After Hegemony (1984) showed that regimes cut transaction costs, supply information and lengthen the shadow of the future, making absolute gains attainable.
3. The evidence: the WTO, the IAEA and the European Union outlived the hegemony that created them.
4. The limit: the neo-neo synthesis shares rationalism, state-centrism and given interests. Institutions are efficiency devices, not transformers of identity.
5. The real break came elsewhere: Wendt's "anarchy is what states make of it" (1992) and Cox's critique of problem-solving theory questioned the premises themselves.

Conclusion
Neo-liberalism dimmed the darkness rather than dispelled it. It proved cooperation possible under anarchy while leaving the anarchy, and therefore the shadow, intact.