What role does identity and technology play in the conceptualisation of Defensive realism ? (Answer in 150 words)

- What role does identity and technology play in the conceptualisation of Defensive realism ? (Answer in 150 words)
Introduction
Defensive realism holds that states seek an appropriate amount of power, not a maximum, because anarchy punishes overexpansion. Technology enters as the offence-defence balance; identity enters, uneasily, as a signal of intentions.

Body
1. The core claim: Waltz's Theory of International Politics (1979), with Jervis, Snyder and Glaser, holds security is usually plentiful and conquest rarely pays, against Mearsheimer's offensive realism (2001).
2. Technology as the key variable: Jervis's "Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma" (1978) makes the dilemma mild where defence has the advantage and defensive postures are distinguishable.
3. Historical proof: Van Evera's Causes of War (1999) traces 1914 to the cult of the offensive; survivable second-strike forces later made defence dominant.
4. The present turn: cyber tools, drones and AI-enabled precision are offence-dominant and attribution-poor, sharpening the dilemma again.
5. Identity as intention: Glaser and Kydd admit greedy as against security-seeking types, and costly signalling to tell them apart.

Conclusion
Technology is internal to the theory; identity is a borrowed crutch. That concession is the opening Wendt's constructivism exploits.