Explain the non-traditional security threats in the context of food and environmental crises. (Answer in 150 words)

- Explain the non-traditional security threats in the context of food and environmental crises. (Answer in 150 words)
Introduction
Non-traditional security moves the referent object from the state's borders to human survival; its threats are transnational, non-military and slow-moving. Food and environmental crises are the clearest instances.

Body
1. The conceptual move: the UNDP Human Development Report (1994) listed food and environmental security among human security's seven components, and Buzan's Copenhagen School showed securitisation to be a speech act widening the agenda.
2. Food: the Ukraine war and the lapse of the Black Sea Grain Initiative (2023) spiked prices, and export bans, including India's on wheat and rice, spread scarcity outward.
3. Environment: climate change is a threat multiplier — sea-level rise for the AOSIS states, Himalayan glacier retreat, and displacement that outpaces refugee law.
4. Institutional lag: the Security Council's climate-security resolution was vetoed in 2021, so the crises stay collective while responses stay national.
5. The counter-argument: Deudney warned that securitising ecology militarises development, and India likewise prefers a development and CBDR framing.

Conclusion
These qualify as security threats because they destroy lives at scale and breed conflict. They are met by capacity, finance and equity, not by emergency powers.