Model answer & approach
- Hannah Arendt analysed a few categories of vita activa. Explain. (Answer in 250 words)
Introduction
In The Human Condition, Arendt reverses the classical priority of contemplation over activity and divides the vita activa into three activities, each answering a different condition of human existence.
Body
1. Labour, answering to life itself: The metabolism with nature. Its products are consumed as fast as they are made, so it leaves nothing behind. Its agent is animal laborans, its realm is necessity, and it was historically confined to the household.
2. Work, answering to worldliness: Fabrication by homo faber, with a definite beginning and end. It produces durable artefacts, tables, buildings and laws, that constitute a common world outlasting mortals. Its danger is that means-end reasoning reduces everything to utility.
3. Action, answering to plurality: The fact that men, not Man, inhabit the earth. Action and speech pass directly between people without the mediation of things, disclose who someone is, and are therefore political activity proper and the site of freedom.
4. Action's frailties and their remedies: It is unpredictable, which promising answers, and irreversible, which forgiving answers, and boundless in consequence. Natality, the capacity to begin something new, is what redeems it.
5. Her diagnosis of modernity: The hierarchy has been inverted. The rise of the social, world alienation and the victory of animal laborans reduce politics to housekeeping in a society of jobholders.
Conclusion
The scheme is charged with nostalgia for the polis and with expelling the economic question from politics, as Pitkin and Habermas argue. Its value is that it names precisely what is lost when public life becomes mere administration.
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