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UPSC Optional 2025Question 2Political Science and International RelationsEquality150 words

Write a note on the relation between equality and liberty from the multi-cultural perspective. (Answer in 150 words)

Model answer & approach

- Write a note on the relation between equality and liberty from the multi-cultural perspective. (Answer in 150 words)
Introduction
Liberalism treats equality as identical treatment and group claims as threats to liberty. Multiculturalism reverses this: only difference-sensitive equality makes liberty substantively available to minorities.

Body

1. Difference-blindness entrenches the majority: Charles Taylor argues that an ostensibly neutral public culture is the majority's culture, and that misrecognition is itself an injury. Equal dignity requires recognition, not uniformity.
2. Group-differentiated rights: Kymlicka's Multicultural Citizenship defends self-government, polyethnic and special representation rights as conditions of liberal freedom rather than exceptions to it.
3. Difference-sensitive equality: Bhikhu Parekh holds that equality is not sameness of treatment but equal worth across plural conceptions of the good; Iris Young calls enforced uniformity cultural imperialism.
4. The internal minorities problem: Susan Okin asked whether multiculturalism is bad for women. Kymlicka's reply permits external protections for groups but forbids internal restrictions on their members.

Conclusion
Equality and liberty are complements rather than rivals here: Articles 29 and 30 protect minority culture so that individuals may exercise freedom within it. The dissenting member marks the argument's limit.
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