Model answer & approach
- "Industrial class structure is a function of social structure of Indian society." Do you agree with this statement ? Analyze. (Answer in 350 words)
Introduction
Industrial classes in India are filled through the channels the older social order provides, but the positions themselves are created by capital and the market; the statement is right about recruitment and wrong about causation.
Body
1. What the claim asserts: That the classes industry produces, owners, managers and workers, are not generated by the industrial process at all but reproduce caste, kinship, region and community. It denies the classical expectation that the factory makes class by its own logic and dissolves ascriptive ties.
2. The evidence that industrial classes follow social structure: Recruitment in the Bombay and Calcutta mills ran through the jobber, who hired from his own caste and village, a process Morris David Morris traced in the making of the Bombay labour force. Departments were caste-segmented, with Dalits kept out of the better-paid weaving sheds. Capital came from mercantile communities, Parsi, Marwari, Chettiar, Gujarati bania and Nadar, whose credit and trust networks were community networks, and Harish Damodaran has shown how narrow the caste base of Indian business ownership has remained. Ownership passes by kinship in the family business house, and at the other end sanitation work is still done overwhelmingly by one set of castes.
3. The evidence that industry works by its own logic: The wage relation, factory discipline and labour law create a workforce that is legally uniform, and unions from the founding of the All India Trade Union Congress organised across caste and religion. Mark Holmström's factory workers were divided less by caste than by the wall between secure organised employment and everything outside it. That line is now the decisive one: the overwhelming majority of Indian workers are informal, and the split between permanent and contract labour inside the same plant cuts straight across caste. Software and finance recruit on credentials.
4. Agreement, with a qualification: I agree that social structure supplies the channels through which industrial positions are filled, and disagree that it creates them. Capital and the market decide what positions exist; caste and kinship decide who reaches them. The statement is true of recruitment and false of causation.
Conclusion
Its value is the warning that industrialisation in India has not dissolved ascription; it has employed it.
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