Discuss the social bases of political mobilization in Independent India. Has some change occurred in these during the last 60-70 years ? (Answer in 150 words)

- Discuss the social bases of political mobilization in Independent India. Has some change occurred in these during the last 60-70 years ? (Answer in 150 words)
Introduction
Mobilisation in India runs along ascriptive lines; what has changed is which identities, not the fact of ascription.
Body
1. The social bases: Caste above all, then religion, language and region, tribe, and lately gender and beneficiary status. Rajni Kothari's formulation holds: politics has become caste-ridden, working through caste associations, dominant castes and what Srinivas named the vote bank.
2. How they have shifted: From the Congress system of upper-caste brokerage to the second democratic upsurge Yogendra Yadav identified, when Other Backward Classes and Dalits mobilised after Mandal through the Samajwadi and Bahujan Samaj parties. Language built the Dravidian movement, religion was mobilised from the late 1980s, and welfare delivery now creates a beneficiary constituency across caste.
3. A verdict on the change: The dominant castes' monopoly has broken and the idioms multiplied, but mobilisation still works through identity rather than interest.
Conclusion
What changed is the distribution of political voice, not the currency in which it is claimed.