Model answer & approach
- How does the concept 'secular' go beyond any religion in plural society like India? Analyse. (Answer in 150 words)
Introduction
Indian secularism stands outside religion not by ignoring it, but by belonging to none while dealing with all.
Body
1. What the secular claims to be: Not irreligion, but the withdrawal of religious authority from the powers of the state, and citizenship defined without reference to faith.
2. How it reaches past any one religion: The Constitution names no state religion, guarantees freedom of conscience under Articles 25 to 28, and forbids discrimination by religion in public employment and access. 'Secular' entered the Preamble by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, and in S. R. Bommai in 1994 the Supreme Court made it part of the basic structure.
3. What plurality in India demands of it: A wall of separation is impossible where religion orders marriage, inheritance and community, so the state intervenes selectively: abolishing untouchability, opening temples, regulating endowments, legislating on triple talaq. Rajeev Bhargava calls this principled distance — engagement or abstention decided by equality and freedom, not by a fixed rule.
Conclusion
Its distance from every religion is what allows it to act on any of them.
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