Model answer & approach
- Osteodontokeratik culture and its makers. (Answer in 150 words)
Introduction
Raymond Dart proposed that australopithecines at Makapansgat worked bone, tooth and horn into tools long before stone technology, naming the supposed industry from the Greek for those three materials.
Body
1. The claimed assemblage: some 7,000 bone fragments from the Makapansgat Limeworks breccia, South Africa — antelope humeri as clubs, mandibles with teeth in place as saws, horn cores as daggers — with striking over-representation of distal humeri, horn cores and jaws.
2. The attributed makers: Australopithecus prometheus, now generally subsumed under A. africanus, credited by Dart with a predatory, weapon-using, cannibalistic "killer ape" way of life that he extended into a theory of human aggression.
3. The criticism: C. K. Brain's taphonomy (The Hunters or the Hunted?, 1981) showed leopard, hyaena and porcupine accumulation plus differential survival of dense bone ends reproduce the same pattern; no contemporary stone tools occur.
Conclusion
The industry is no longer accepted as culture. Its lasting contribution is negative and methodological: it made taphonomic testing compulsory before any assemblage is called human-made.
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