Terrorism is a global scourge. How has it manifested in India ? Elaborate with contemporary examples. What are the counter measures adopted by the State? Explain. (Answer in 150 words)

- Terrorism is a global scourge. How has it manifested in India ? Elaborate with contemporary examples. What are the counter measures adopted by the State? Explain. (Answer in 150 words)
Introduction
Terrorism in India has manifested in diverse forms—cross-border, ideological, religious, and left-wing extremism—posing threats to national security, social harmony, and economic stability.
Body
1. Manifestations of Terrorism in India:
- Cross-Border Terrorism: Sponsored from across the Pakistan border, evident in attacks like Uri (2016), Pulwama (2019), and infiltration attempts in Jammu & Kashmir.
- Religious Extremism: Radical outfits such as Indian Mujahideen and ISIS-linked modules have targeted civilians and security forces.
- Left-Wing Extremism: Naxalite violence persists in parts of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Odisha, though significantly reduced in recent years.
- Insurgency in the Northeast: Militant groups like NSCN-IM and ULFA continue sporadic violence linked to ethnic and political grievances.
2. Counter-Measures Adopted:
- Legislative Framework: Strengthened through UAPA (Amendment 2019) and NIA Act.
- Operational Measures: Multi-Agency Centre (MAC) for intelligence sharing; NIA and NSG for coordinated counter-terror operations.
- Border Management: Fencing, surveillance, and cross-border strikes (e.g., Balakot, 2019).
- De-radicalization & Development: Community outreach and socio-economic initiatives in vulnerable regions.
Conclusion
India’s approach combines robust security, intelligence coordination, and socio-economic inclusion, recognizing that enduring peace requires addressing both terror networks and their root causes.