How does A. R. Desai argue that Indian social classes must be studied through the colonial mode of production? Elucidate. (Answer in 150 words)

- How does A. R. Desai argue that Indian social classes must be studied through the colonial mode of production? Elucidate. (Answer in 150 words)
Introduction
For Desai, Indian classes are products of the economy colonial rule built, not survivals of tradition.
Body
1. What he takes the colonial mode of production to be: Not capitalism as it developed in Britain, but a subordinated variant: land turned into private, saleable property by the Permanent Settlement and the ryotwari and mahalwari systems, revenue demanded in cash, handicrafts destroyed, and surplus drained abroad.
2. The steps of his argument: Classes arise from relations of production, and in India those relations were made by a colonial state. The revenue settlements created zamindars, tenants and landless labourers by statute. Industry grew inside limits set by imperial policy, so the bourgeoisie was at once anti-imperialist and disposed to compromise — the argument of Social Background of Indian Nationalism. Caste is lived through positions the colonial economy assigned.
3. What this yields about Indian social classes: A map of landlords, moneylenders, rich and poor peasants, agricultural labour, workers and bourgeoisie — a structure that outlived 1947, as State and Society in India argues.
Conclusion
Whether class exhausts Indian stratification is the test, and caste says it does not.