Explain in brief the relationship between social movement, collective action and revolution in bringing about social and political changes. (Answer in 150 words)

- Explain in brief the relationship between social movement, collective action and revolution in bringing about social and political changes. (Answer in 150 words)
Introduction
The three are stages of intensity in the same process, not three names for it.

Body

1. How the three differ: Collective action is any joint action for a shared end, drawn from what Tilly called a repertoire of contention. A movement is collective action made durable by organisation, ideology and continuity. Revolution is the rapid, forcible transformation of state and class structure.
2. How they connect: Collective action is the raw material, movements give it duration and direction, and revolution is the outer limit reached when a movement coincides with the breakdown of the state. The sequence is not automatic: Skocpol's States and Social Revolutions argued that revolutions were not made by revolutionaries but came from structural crisis and international pressure.
3. How the relation produces change: Most change stops short of revolution. The farmers' agitation forced repeal of the three farm laws in 2021, and Chipko and the Narmada Bachao Andolan reshaped forest and rehabilitation policy.

Conclusion
In democracies the movement, not the revolution, is the normal engine of change, because the state can concede.