Differentiate between protests and movements. Discuss some of those movements which changed the fabric of Indian agrarian society during the colonial period. (Answer in 350 words)

- Differentiate between protests and movements. Discuss some of those movements which changed the fabric of Indian agrarian society during the colonial period. (Answer in 350 words)
Introduction
A protest is an event; a movement is an organisation with a purpose that outlasts the event.
Body
1. The axes separating protest from movement: Four. Duration: a protest is episodic and ends when the grievance is met or crushed; a movement persists across years and defeats. Organisation: a protest may be spontaneous and leaderless; a movement has leadership, cadre and funds. Ideology: a protest names a wrong; a movement carries an account of why the wrong occurs. Goal: redress, against change in the structure itself. Paul Wilkinson defined a social movement as a deliberate collective endeavour with continuity and a change goal, and M. S. A. Rao's ordering of reformist, transformative and revolutionary movements grades that goal. A protest is often an episode inside a movement.
2. The movements chosen, and what each did: The indigo movement in Bengal in 1859 and 1860 saw ryots refuse to sow for the planters; an Indigo Commission followed and planting collapsed in lower Bengal. The Pabna agrarian league of 1873 organised tenants against illegal cesses and forced enhancement of rent, feeding into the Bengal Tenancy Act of 1885. The Deccan riots of 1875 turned cultivators against Marwari and Gujarati moneylenders and produced the Deccan Agriculturists' Relief Act of 1879. Birsa Munda's ulgulan of 1899 and 1900 against dikus and forest restriction preceded the Chhotanagpur Tenancy Act of 1908. The All India Kisan Sabha, founded in 1936 under Sahajanand Saraswati, made the peasantry a national political force; Tebhaga in Bengal from 1946 demanded two-thirds of the crop for the sharecropper; and the Telangana struggle from 1946 against the Nizam's jagirdars abolished forced labour and seized land across a wide area.
3. How they changed the fabric of agrarian society: They destroyed the presumption that the authority of landlord and moneylender was beyond challenge, and each left a statute redefining tenancy. They put organisation where there had been riot, and produced a peasant identity stated in class rather than caste terms — the material A. R. Desai collected in Peasant Struggles in India and Kathleen Gough analysed. They also forced agrarian reform onto the nationalist agenda, which is why zamindari abolition followed independence within three years.
4. How the difference drawn earlier applies to them: By those axes the Deccan riots were a protest: local, brief, without ideology or successor, however consequential the law they produced. The Kisan Sabha, Tebhaga and Telangana were movements: organised, ideological, sustained, and aimed at the structure of landholding itself.
Conclusion
What changed agrarian India was not the anger, which was constant, but the few occasions on which anger acquired an organisation.