Extractive capitalism (Answer in 150 words)

- Extractive capitalism (Answer in 150 words)
Introduction
An accumulation model that lives off appropriating nature, land and labour, rather than off value created in production, takes its income as rent rather than surplus. The extractive form of capitalism is a relation, not a stage of development.

Body
1. Institutional reading: Acemoglu and Robinson's Why Nations Fail (2012) contrasts extractive institutions, which funnel rents to a narrow elite, with inclusive ones rewarding broad participation.
2. Dispossession as a permanent moment: David Harvey's accumulation by dispossession (2003) treats the enclosure of commons and public assets as continuing, not merely primitive.
3. Neo-extractivism: Eduardo Gudynas showed Latin America's left governments, Correa's Ecuador and Morales's Bolivia, funding welfare out of commodity rents while deepening extraction.
4. The rentier trap: Terry Lynn Karl's The Paradox of Plenty (1997) links resource rents to weak taxation and durable authoritarianism.
5. Data extractivism: Zuboff's surveillance capitalism, and Couldry and Mejias on data colonialism, extend the same logic from minerals to behaviour.

Conclusion
India's Forest Rights Act (2006) and the Niyamgiri gram sabha verdict (2013) show that prior consent is the only effective check on it.