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UPSC Optional 2026Question 28SociologyTribal Communities in India150 words

Where would you locate the tribal community in the Varna system of India? Discuss. (Answer in 150 words)

Model answer & approach

- Where would you locate the tribal community in the Varna system of India? Discuss. (Answer in 150 words)
Introduction
Whether the Varna order has a place for the tribe is the prior question.
Body
1. How the Varna order defines who belongs to it: By birth into a jati assimilated to one of four ranks, ordered by ritual purity and hereditary ties, with the untouchable outside the scheme but inside its logic.
2. The case for placing tribal communities within it: Ghurye called them backward Hindus, at the margin of Hindu society rather than outside it. Bailey found caste and tribe to be ends of one continuum in Orissa, and Surajit Sinha traced Rajput status claimed by tribal ruling lineages in central India.
3. The case that they fall outside it: The defining features are absent: organisation is clan-based and territorial, not ranked by purity, with no hereditary priesthood or jajmani tie. Xaxa argues the category was colonial, and Adivasi identity is asserted against absorption.
4. Your own placement, stated plainly: Outside it, at its edge: absorbed where tribes took to the plough, separate where they held forest and hill.
Conclusion
Placement today is political, not ritual: the Schedule decides it, not varna.
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