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UPSC Optional 2026Question 5AnthropologyEmergence, Growth and Development of Anthropology in India150 words

Kumar Suresh Singh's contribution in studying tribal movements. (Answer in 150 words)

Model answer & approach

- Kumar Suresh Singh's contribution in studying tribal movements. (Answer in 150 words)
Introduction
Kumar Suresh Singh made tribal movements a subject of historical analysis rather than of administrative alarm, showing them to be responses to land loss carried in a religious idiom.

Body
1. The framework: he classified them as movements of ethnic and political assertion, agrarian and forest-rights movements, reformist or Sanskritising movements, and messianic or revivalist movements, and he periodised them — primary resistance to colonial intrusion, then rebellion against agrarian dispossession, then participation in nationalism and the demand for autonomy.
2. The substantive work: Dust-Storm and Hanging Mist (1966), his study of Birsa Munda and the ulgulan in Chotanagpur, showed that the millenarian idiom of Birsa's Dharti Aba movement carried a precise agrarian demand — the restoration of khuntkatti tenure against the dikus. His edited volumes on tribal movements extended the argument across India.
3. The influence: as Director-General of the Anthropological Survey of India he directed the People of India project, surveying over four and a half thousand communities.

Conclusion
His reading of tribal revolt as agrarian rather than merely nativistic entered land-restoration policy and the case for Jharkhand statehood.
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