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UPSC Optional 2026Question 22SociologyReligion and Society150 words

How does the rise of new 'cults' and 'sects' influence intercaste relations ? (Answer in 150 words)

Model answer & approach

- How does the rise of new 'cults' and 'sects' influence intercaste relations ? (Answer in 150 words)
Introduction
New sects and cults change the idiom of caste more than they change its boundaries.

Body

1. Why such groups are rising: Continued exclusion within mainstream religious institutions, migration and urban anonymity, and assertion by newly mobile Dalit and backward-caste groups.
2. How they cut across caste relations: Common worship and common kitchens suspend rules of commensality and pollution, and leadership open on grounds of devotion rather than birth reverses the ritual order inside the congregation. Punjab's Ad Dharm movement gave Chamars a religious identity outside the caste hierarchy altogether, and Radhasoami satsangs recruit across caste on an achieved criterion of initiation. Urban cults sort followers by class instead.
3. How they can also harden them: Exit tends to be collective, so a sect acquires the membership of a caste and its endogamy with it. The Ravidassia declaration of separateness consolidated a congregation largely of one caste, and dera followings become electoral blocs that provoke counter-mobilisation.
4. The net effect: Ritual hierarchy weakens while group boundaries sharpen.

Conclusion
Caste survives the exit from Hinduism because what leaves is usually a caste, not an individual.
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