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UPSC Optional 2026Question 1AnthropologyTribal Situation in India150 words

Dravidian language family and its tribal speakers. (Answer in 150 words)

Model answer & approach

- Dravidian language family and its tribal speakers. (Answer in 150 words)
Introduction
Dravidian is one of the world's primary language families, confined almost wholly to South Asia, and much of its internal diversity is carried by tribal rather than literary languages.

Body
1. The family and its branches: some twenty-six languages, agglutinative, verb-final, rich in retroflex consonants, and marked by the inclusive-exclusive distinction in the first person plural. It divides into South Dravidian (Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada, Tulu), South-Central (Telugu, Gondi, Kui), Central (Kolami, Parji) and North Dravidian (Kurukh, Malto, Brahui).
2. The tribal speakers: Gondi among the Gond of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Telangana; Kui and Kuvi among the Kondh of Odisha; Kurukh among the Oraon of Jharkhand; Malto in the Rajmahal hills; and Toda, Kota, Irula, Kurumba and Badaga in the Nilgiris.
3. What the distribution suggests: Kurukh, Malto and Brahui lie far north of the Dravidian block, and are read as relics of a once wider distribution.

Conclusion
Only four Dravidian languages are scheduled; most tribal ones are unwritten and several endangered, and that is where the family's oldest features survive.
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