Discuss the aim and goals of Kunming-Montreal global biodiversity framework. Mention India’s commitments and initiatives to achieve the goals and targets of this framework giving suitable examples. (Answer in 150 words)

- Discuss the aim and goals of Kunming-Montreal global biodiversity framework. Mention India’s commitments and initiatives to achieve the goals and targets of this framework giving suitable examples. (Answer in 150 words)
Introduction
Adopted at CBD COP-15 (2022), the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) seeks to halt and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030 and achieve “living in harmony with nature” by 2050.
Body
Major Goals and Targets:
1. Conserve at least 30% of terrestrial and marine areas by 2030.
2. Restore at least 30% of degraded ecosystems.
3. Reduce pollution, invasive species and biodiversity-harmful subsidies.
4. Ensure sustainable use and fair benefit-sharing from genetic resources.
5. Mobilise adequate biodiversity finance and mainstream biodiversity into development.
India’s Commitments and Initiatives:
1. India’s NBSAP 2024–2030 aligns its 23 National Biodiversity Targets with the KMGBF.
2. Expansion of protected areas, wildlife corridors and ecosystem restoration supports conservation targets.
3. Biodiversity Management Committees, People’s Biodiversity Registers and 50 Biodiversity Heritage Sites promote community participation.
4. Nagar Van Yojana, afforestation and species-conservation programmes strengthen urban and forest biodiversity.
Conclusion
Thus, India is translating global biodiversity commitments into nationally adapted conservation, restoration and community-based action.