Model answer & approach
- Debate regarding the phylogenetic position of Narmada Man. (Answer in 150 words)
Introduction
The Narmada calvaria is India's only well-provenanced Pleistocene hominin cranium, which is why its placement has been argued over for four decades.
Body
1. The find: a partial skull cap recovered by Arun Sonakia of the Geological Survey of India in 1982 at Hathnora in the Narmada valley, from a Middle Pleistocene conglomerate with Acheulian tools and a fauna including Elephas namadicus. The vault is thick, the supraorbital torus heavy, and capacity is estimated at about 1200 cubic centimetres.
2. The placements proposed: Sonakia named it Homo erectus narmadensis on the thick vault and torus. Kennedy and colleagues reassigned it to archaic Homo sapiens, citing the large capacity, parietal expansion and occipital morphology, and read it as female. Many now place it in the Homo heidelbergensis grade, and Sankhyan has argued that an associated short clavicle points to a second, small-bodied hominin at the site.
3. Where it stands: the archaic grade is agreed, the species is not.
Conclusion
Only more material from the same deposits will settle it, since ancient DNA does not survive Indian conditions.
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